Transformer

Inclusion of capacitance into the transformer model is complicated, and is rarely attempted; the ‘real’ transformer model’s equivalent circuit shown below does not include parasitic capacitance.

Transformer equivalent circuit impedance and transformer ratio parameters can be derived from the following tests: open-circuit test, short-circuit test, winding resistance test, and transformer ratio test.

A dot convention is often used in transformer circuit diagrams, nameplates or terminal markings to define the relative polarity of transformer windings.

At much higher frequencies the transformer core size required drops dramatically: a physically small transformer can handle power levels that would require a massive iron core at mains frequency.

A transformer can be produced by placing the windings near each other, an arrangement termed an “Air-core” transformer.

An oil-immersed transformer may be equipped with a Buchholz relay, which, depending on severity of gas accumulation due to internal arcing, is used to either alarm or de-energize the transformer.

Efficient, practical transformer designs did not appear until the 1880s, but within a decade, the transformer would be instrumental in the war of the currents, and in seeing AC distribution systems triumph over their DC counterparts, a position in which they have remained dominant ever since.

Definition, Types, Working Principle, Diagram

In a step-up transformer, the output voltage is increased and in a step-down transformer, the output voltage is decreased.

The step-up transformer will decrease the output current and the step-down transformer will increase the output current for keeping the input and the output power of the system equal.

There are various types of transformers which are classified based on the following factors;.

Step down Transformer: These transformers are used to convert high voltage primary supply to low voltage secondary output.

In a transformer, we will find different types of cores that are used.

The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.

This was what Michael faraday found in 1831 which is the fundamental working principle of electric generators as well as transformers.

Transformers

High-school student Sam Witwicky buys his first car, who is actually the Autobot Bumblebee.

Bumblebee defends Sam and his girlfriend Mikaela Banes from the Decepticon Barricade, before the other Autobots arrive on Earth.

They are searching for the Allspark, and the war on Earth heats up as the Decepticons attack a United States military base in Qatar.

Sam and Mikaela are taken by the top-secret agency Sector 7 to help stop the Decepticons, but when they learn the agency also intends to destroy the Autobots, they formulate their own plan to save the world.

By what name was Transformers officially released in France?

Design And Manufacturing

Wearables, smart phones and Internet of Things are driving devices that are small, have high performance and long battery life.

The logic chips used to drive these applications use advanced packaging technologies such as flip-chip, and wafer-level packaging in smaller form factor and higher electrical performance.

Growing use of semiconductors in automobiles drive an increased need for reliability, safety and higher operating ranges than consumer devices.

Apollo, Altius, Katana probe cards from Formfactor enable testing of logic devices at finer pitches, higher temperatures and increased parallelism to lower the cost of test and increased assurance to customer of delivery of a reliable product.

What Is A Probe Card?

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The controlled impedance environment of probe cards built with these probe styles will support test speeds greater than 3GHz. Ceramic blade and the cantilever wire probe characteristics can be manipulated to optimize the performance of the probe for a given application or operating environment.

Pad Pitch Probe Density Scrub Aluminum Pad Contact Force Other Temperature Touchdowns >250k Customer Repairability Cost of Ownership Addition of Passives Epoxy Ring Very good Ceramic Blade N/A Needs work PCB layout dependent Very good PCB layout dependent Needs work OK PCB layout dependent Good Very good PCB layout dependent Very good Very good 50mm > 2000 probes Good Good Very good Very good 100mm < 88 probes Good Good OK, requires custom >100°C Very good OK Good OK Best Good Better Slightly better Very good Bond Pads Bond pads are the metalized locations on an integrated circuit where the test probes will make contact.

The maximum allowable probe current is a function of probe material, probe wire diameter, probe tip diameter, and probe current duty cycle.

The key performance characteristics to consider are planarization accuracy and its effect on contact force, contact resistance, probe to probe capacitance for reduced crosstalk, and the ability to maintain signal integrity through the probe to the bond pads.

POLYIMIDE-A PCB material that is used for probe cards designed for probing temperatures greater than 100°C. PROBE ANGLE-The angle of the probe shank where it passes through the epoxy relative to the horizontal plane of the PCB. PROBE CARD ANALYZER-A piece of test equipment used to measure critical probe card parameters.

PROBE SOLDER POINT-The PROBE STABILITY-The PROBE TAIL-The location on the PCB where the probe tail is connected.

PROBE TIP LENGTH-The PROBE TIP SHAPE-The vertical distance from the tip of the probe to the bend in the probe.

JEM America Corp

ICs are tested by large machines, called testers, which send a series of electrical signals to each IC. During testing, the probe card and IC are held in place by another machine, called a prober.

The prober might be described as the “Arm” of a tester, doing the mechanical work of moving and aligning the probe card and IC. The probe card then functions primarily as the “Hand” of a tester, allowing it to “Touch” the metal pads on a wafer’s surface.

With the help of the prober, the probe card is lowered onto the IC wafer until the probe tips come into contact with the wafer’s metal pads.

If we think of a probe card in this way, the probes then function as its “Fingers.” As was shown in Figure 1-4, the probe is the part of a probe card that actually makes contact with the integrated circuit.

A straight probe is defined by four basic parameters: material, probe length, probe diameter, and taper length.

Before a probe card is assembled, the tapered end, or tip, of these straight probes must be bent.

After a probe card has been fully assembled these probe tips are sanded down to create a desired tip diameter and tip length.

Automatic Test Equipment

A Probe Card is basically an interface that provides electrical and mechanical contact between the device under test [DUT], which is the semiconductor wafer, and the test system electronics.

Until now, we have seen that the Probe Card is a part of the wafer test system, but it is mandatory to test it before integrating it into the wafer test system.

These requirements drive the challenges for the test of the probe cards.

Thanks to many years of experience in testing probe cards, Seica has designed the PilotV8XL HR Next> series, which is the ONLY flying Probe that can offer a full turnkey solution for the Probe Card test.

Probe Card Test for PCB+MLO™ICCT: it is required as certification for the integrity of the connections between the MLO and PCB. Pilot V8 XL HR Next> series Hardware Feature.

With any sensitive product to test it is mandatory to balance the probe contact force in order to not leave witness marks on the pads to be probed.

When the probe card is fully assembled and the MLO™ is mounted on the PCB interface, the final ICCT test must be performed in order to Test the Integrity of each single connection between MLO™ and PCB interface itself.

Probe Cards

Accuprobe stocks a large number of industry standard 4 1/2″ rectangular probe cards for thick and thin film, semiconductor, optical, MEMS and related applications.

The 6 1/2″ series of rectangular probe cards are the perfect solution for fixed pattern probe test fixtures for hybrid circuit test applications.

The probe cards typically provide 48, 70, 100 or 120 pin edge connectors.

Accuprobe chip resistor probe cards support all chipR formats from the chip resistor industry from the 1206 to the miniscule 201.

Cards are available to suit all of the major chip resistor laser trim equipment suppliers including ESI, GSI, Rigel, and NEC. Round Probe Cards.

Accuprobe has available a range of round probe cards with 2″ or 4″ diameters supporting from 48 to 140 hypertac pin connections.

A full range of probe cards including Ceramic Blade, Epoxy-Ring, and Coax- Epoxy can be supplied.

Probe Card Circuit Control Previous Solutions Legacy tools, PrecisionPoint VX3 and ProbeWoRx300 included exclusive power channels for powering probe card devices.

Probe Card Circuit Control Present Solutions Our current probe card tool the PrecisionWoRx VX4, provides legacy power channels for backward capability, as well as combo signal/power channels for all other probe card connections.

The combo channels are able to perform normal probe electrical measurements as well as provide power to probe card components.

Differences between these methods can be attributed to things like: – probe card deflection – PCI stiffness – Stage compliance Planarity Methods Loaded Planarity Advantages Emulation – similar to test conditions of wafer overdrive Speed – non-bussed probes can be measured within a single contact Disadvantages Deflection – can skew results, depending on PC, PCI and stage deflection components Wear – bussed probes tested at isolation dots require the entire probe card to be overdriven Data matching – bussed and non-bussed probes are tested on different surfaces and the data points must be calibrated and synchronized.

Unloaded Planarity Advantages Single device – all probes are measure at post, syncing with checkplate isn’t needed – Planarity, CRes, Probe Force, Primary Channel can all be measured during a single contact No deflection – testing single probes require very little force, lower $$$ PCI can be employed Force method – planarity can be measured by gram force, without electrical connection.

Probe Card Holder – For first article, R&D or “One off” probe cards, simple probe card holders can also be used, without electrical connections, and still provide measurement capabilities.

Probe Card Interfaces Non-electrical Probe Card Holders Very low cost probe card holders can provide very basic test functionality, these can range from very simple plates that provide a surface to clamp the probe card to a custom universal probe card holder for easier usage Probe Card Holders – Tests, Planarity, Alignment, Probe Force, and User Assisted Contact Resistance.

ScienceDirect Topics

The test probe design and the position of the thermocouple influence greatly the recorded cooling curve.

At the end of the second workshop, the question was not that wafer level testing could not be done, but where was it economic to do such tests? The seeds had germinated and the concept was healthy and growing.

Can these wafer level reliability tests be correlated to traditional packaged reliability tests? Do both of these tests correlate to field reliability in VLSI devices? These questions must be addressed for each failure mechanism.

The data reported at the 1985 workshop show that wafer level reliability tests do correlate to both packaged accelerated stress tests and to limited field data.

The subject’s task was to press the right-hand button if the test probe was the same letter as he had generated irrespective of its orientation, and the left-hand button otherwise.

In half of each of these subsets of trials, the orientation of the test probe was the same as that of the generated image.

Response times were faster in the positive condition when the tilt of the test probe matched that of the generated image than when it did not.

McMaster-Carr

View conductivity readings of wastewater, boiler condensate, aquaculture solutions, and other dirty liquids up to 3 feet from the remote sensor to indicate the concentration of salts, nutrients, chemicals, and other substances.

Pour contaminated water, wastewater, printing fountain solutions, and other dirty liquids into the meter cup to test electrical conductivity levels that indicate the concentration of salts, nutrients, chemicals, and other substances.

Zinc-Air Battery

Zinc-air batteries have some properties of fuel cells as well as batteries: the zinc is the fuel, the reaction rate can be controlled by varying the air flow, and oxidized zinc/electrolyte paste can be replaced with fresh paste.

Zinc-air batteries have higher energy density than many other types of battery because atmospheric air is one of the battery reactants, in contrast to battery types that require a material such as manganese dioxide in combination with zinc.

Stacking prismatic cells requires air channels in the battery and may require a fan to force air through the stack.

AZA Battery has announced development of pilot production of prismatic zinc air cells with characteristics suitable for both stationary storage and mobility applications.

Some approaches use a large zinc-air battery to maintain charge on a high discharge-rate battery used for peak loads during acceleration.

The term zinc-air fuel cell usually refers to a zinc-air battery in which zinc metal is added and zinc oxide is removed continuously.

One advantage of utilizing zinc-air batteries for vehicle propulsion is that earth’s supply of zinc metal is 100 times greater than that of lithium, per unit of battery energy.

Zinc Air Battery: Tips & Tricks

If you use hearing aids, you might know the zinc air battery.

What makes the zinc air battery such a special battery?

The way the zinc air battery works is very different from other standard batteries.

The zinc air battery is completely filled with zinc, which reacts with oxygen from the air when the seal is removed.

By respecting this ‘breathing time’, you will extend the lifetime of your zinc air battery up to between 30 and 80%. If you remove the tab and immediately put the battery in your hearing aid, this will have a negative effect on the lifespan of your battery.

In the zinc air battery, zinc and oxygen from the air work together to generate a steady level of power, which makes it the ideal battery for new generation digital hearing aids.

Always keep the tips and tricks above in mind when using this type of battery and you won’t be deceived by the capabilities of this battery!

What Is A Zinc-Air Battery & Why Should You Take Notice?

We all know about batteries, they power our daily lives, whether it be your new electric Tesla, your TV remote, or your smartphone.

There’s many different types of batteries, like alkaline batteries you’d find in your home or lithium-ion batteries found in cars, but you might not have heard of a zinc-air battery.

The problem with batteries, and this has always been the problem, is size, capacity, and most importantly, cost.

While there is a market in the auto industry for lithium-ion batteries, and it is a fair sized market, the real big player is in the electrical grid.

Lithium-ion batteries increase in cost as you require more storage because you’re essentially stacking the batteries together.

Zinc-air batteries can hold energy much longer than lithium-ions, and to increase the storage capacity, all that is needed is an increase in the storage container that holds the Zinc.

So who’s leading the zinc-air battery movement?

A Redesign For Zinc-Air Batteries Could Make Them Rechargeable

They’re lightweight, compact and made of more sustainable, less flammable materials than other batteries.

Zinc-air batteries are one of many potential next-generation batteries that could hold more energy while being cheaper and safer than existing devices.

Every zinc-air battery cell contains two electrodes – a zinc anode and a porous cathode – separated by a liquid called an electrolyte.

The caustic electrolyte in conventional zinc-air batteries can also degrade the cathode and anode.

As a result, zinc ions from the anode can travel to the cathode and react directly with oxygen from the air.

What’s more, the new electrolyte doesn’t degrade the battery’s electrodes, which helps the battery last longer.

In lab experiments, Sun and colleagues were able to drain and recharge a new zinc-air battery cell 320 times over 160 hours.

For as much as batteries offer they still annoy us with their frequent need for recharging or replacement altogether.

Lately, the zinc-air battery has been turning up as a new choice of power for handheld electronics, providing up to three times the energy of common alkaline batteries in a more compact package.

Zinc-air cells work like conventional batteries in that they generate electrical power from chemical reactions.

Instead of packing the necessary ingredients inside the cell, zinc-air batteries get one of their main reactants-oxygen-from the outside air.

Oxygen molecules enter the cell through tiny holes in the top and then come into contact with a positively charged electrode made of porous carbon.

These molecules, and other preexisting hydroxyls, migrate through an air separator to a negatively charged electrode that consists of a zinc gel.

The hydroxyls bond to a zinc molecule to form zincate, which immediately splits into two hydroxyls, a water molecule and zinc oxide, and releases two electrons that travel through a circuit to power a device-usually a cell phone or hearing aid.

Enabling Acidic Oxygen Reduction Reaction In A Zinc-Air Battery With Bipolar Membrane

Zinc-air batteries are a promising alternative to lithium ion batteries due to their large energy density, safety, and low production cost.

The stability of the zinc-air battery is often low due to the formation of dendrite which causes short circuiting and the CO2 adsorption from the air which causes carbonate formation on the air electrode.

In this work, we demonstrate a zinc-air battery design with acidic oxygen reduction reaction for the first time via the incorporation of a bipolar membrane.

The bipolar membrane creates a locally acidic environment in the air cathode which could lead to a higher oxygen reduction reaction activity and a better 4-electron selectivity toward water instead of the 2-electron pathway toward peroxide.

Locally acidic air cathode is also effective at improving the cell’s durability by preventing carbonate formation.

Gas chromatography confirms that CO2 adsorption is 7 times lower in the bipolar membrane compared to a conventional battery separator.

The insights from this work could be leveraged to develop a better zinc-air battery design for long-term energy storage applications.

Zinc8 Energy Solutions Provides Progress Update

VANCOUVER, BC / ACCESSWIRE / October 21, 2021 / Zinc8 Energy Solutions Inc.(OTC PINK:ZAIRF)(FSE:0E9) is pleased to announce its engineering teams have now been relocated to its newly upgraded and renovated facility in Richmond, BC where the construction of multiple test zinc-air energy storage systems for certification to the UL / CSA battery safety standard and demonstration projects are underway.

“The new facility has allowed for the expansion of our team through the addition of key personnel with the qualifications and past experience to move the company towards this objective. We recognize the opportunity that exists for the energy storage system market and we have worked hard to accelerate our timelines. I am pleased with our progress to date. Our previously announced energy storage systems that were purpose-built for certification and specific demonstration projects are on schedule and we expect to enter the data collection and analysis phase in the near future.”

Zinc8 Energy Solutions focuses on developing and commercializing its low-cost, long duration ZESS for utilities, microgrid, and Commercial & Industrial markets.

About Zinc8 Energy Solutions Inc. Zinc8 has assembled an experienced team to execute the development and commercialization of a dependable low-cost zinc-air battery.

Grid-scale services such as alleviating grid congestion, deferring transmission/distribution upgrades, energy trading and arbitrage, and increasing renewable energy penetration.

This news release contains certain statements or disclosures relating to Zinc8 Energy Solutions that are based on the expectations of its management as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to Zinc8 Energy Solutions which may constitute forward-looking statements or information under applicable securities laws.

Zinc8 Energy Solutions believes the material factors, expectations and assumptions reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable at this time, but no assurance can be given that these factors, expectations and assumptions will prove to be correct.

Radioactive Decay

Except for gamma decay or internal conversion from a nuclear excited state, the decay is a nuclear transmutation resulting in a daughter containing a different number of protons or neutrons.

Gamma decay as a separate phenomenon, with its own half-life, was found in natural radioactivity to be a result of the gamma decay of excited metastable nuclear isomers, which were in turn created from other types of decay.

Decay energy remains associated with a certain measure of the mass of the decay system, called invariant mass, which does not change during the decay, even though the energy of decay is distributed among decay particles.

Double beta decay A nucleus emits two electrons and two antineutrinos Double electron capture A nucleus absorbs two orbital electrons and emits two neutrinos – the daughter nucleus is left in an excited and unstable state Electron capture with positron emission A nucleus absorbs one orbital electron, emits one positron and two neutrinos β+β+ Double positron decay A nucleus emits two positrons and two neutrinos Transitions between states of the same nucleus IT Isomeric transition Excited nucleus releases a high-energy photon Internal conversion Excited nucleus transfers energy to an orbital electron, which is subsequently ejected from the atom.

The decay constant, “Lambda”, the reciprocal of the mean lifetime, sometimes referred to as simply decay rate.

Consider the case of a nuclide A that decays into another B by some process A B. The decay of an unstable nucleus is entirely random in time so it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will decay.

The limits of these timescales are set by the sensitivity of instrumentation only, and there are no known natural limits to how brief or long a decay half-life for radioactive decay of a radionuclide may be.

Radioactive Decay

Radioactive decay is the emission of energy in the form of ionizing radiationRadiation with so much energy it can knock electrons out of atoms.

Gamma rays can pass completely through the human body; as they pass through, they can cause damage to tissue and DNA. Radioactive decay occurs in unbalanced atoms called radionuclides.

The atoms keep transforming to new decay products until they reach a stable state and are no longer radioactive.

The series of decay products created to reach this balance is called the decay chainThe series of decays or transformations that radionuclides go through before reaching a stable form.

The decay chain that begins with Uranium-238 culminates in Lead-206, after forming intermediates such as Uranium-234, Thorium-230, Radium-226, and Radon-222.

The decay products within the chain are always radioactive.

Every radionuclide has a specific decay rate, which is measured in terms of “Half-lifeThe time required for half of the radioactive atoms present to decay or transform. Some radionuclides have half-lives of mere seconds, but others have half-lives of hundreds or millions of years.” Radioactive half-life is the time required for half of the radioactive atoms present to decay.

Radioactive decay 7.1 Gamma decay 7.1.1 Classical theory of radiation 7.1.2 Quantum mechanical theory 7.1.3 Extension to Multipoles 7.1.4 Selection Rules 7.2 Beta decay 7.2.1 Reactions and phenomenology 7.2.2 Conservation laws 7.2.3 Fermi’s Theory of Beta Decay Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable nucleus spontaneously loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation.

7.1 Gamma decay Gamma decay is the third type of radioactive decay.

99 7.2 Beta decay The beta decay is a radioactive decay in which a proton in a nucleus is converted into a neutron.

44: Beta decay schematics Recall the mass chain and Beta decay plots of Fig.

45: Beta decay spectra: Distribution of momentum and kinetic energy for and + decay.

7.2.3 Fermi’s Theory of Beta Decay The properties of beta decay can be understood by studying its quantum-mechanical description via Fermi’s Golden rule, as done for gamma decay.

103 C. Decay rate The decay rate is obtained from Fermi’s Golden rule: W = 2π |Vif |2 ρ(E) h where ρ(E) is the total density of states.

Types Of Radioactive Decay

This phenomenon came to be known as Radioactive Decay.

In the sample, there is a proportionality between radioactive decays per unit time and the overall number of nuclei of radioactive compounds.

Substituting the original equation back here,(Delta NDelta t=lambda N). We get,(R=lambda N). The total decay rate R of a radioactive sample is called the activity of that sample which is represented with the unit Becquerel, in the honour of its scientist.

According to the radioactive decay law, when a radioactive material undergoes either or or decay, the number of nuclei undergoing the decay per unit time is proportional to the total number of nuclei in the given sample material.

The radioactive decay law states that “The probability per unit time that a nucleus will decay is a constant, independent of time”.

Where,λ: radioactive decay constant also known as disintegration constant.

Stay tuned with BYJU’S to learn more about theories of Radioactive Decay, the rate of decay formula and much more with engaging lecture videos.

Radioactive Decay

Alpha decay of the 238U “Parent” nuclide, for example, produces 234Th as the “Daughter” nuclide.

Nuclides with atomic numbers of 90 or more undergo a form of radioactive decay known as spontaneous fission in which the parent nucleus splits into a pair of smaller nuclei.

Many of these nuclides decay by both routes, but positron emission is more often observed in the lighter nuclides, such as 22Na.

The rate of radioactive decay is therefore the product of a rate constant times the number of atoms of the isotope in the sample.

Rate = kN. The rate of radioactive decay doesn’t depend on the chemical state of the isotope.

The relative rates at which radioactive nuclei decay can be expressed in terms of either the rate constants for the decay or the half-lives of the nuclei.

We can reach the same conclusion by noting that the half-life for the decay of 14C is much shorter than that for 235U. 14C: t1/2 = 5730 y 238U: t1/2 = 4.51 x 109 y. The half-life for the decay of a radioactive nuclide is the length of time it takes for exactly half of the nuclei in the sample to decay.

Definition, Types & Laws

Radioactive decay is a random process at the level of single atoms, in that, according to quantum theory, it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will decay.

Unstable isotopes decay spontaneously through various radioactive decay pathways, most commonly alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, or electron capture.

The activity depends only on the number of decays per second, not on the type of decay, the energy of the decay products, or the biological effects of the radiation.

Calculations of the decay of radioactive nuclei are relatively straightforward because there is only one fundamental law governing all decay processes.

Radioactive decay law: N = N.e-λt. The rate of nuclear decay is also measured in terms of half-lives.

Since radioactive decay is a random process at the level of single atoms, it is governed by the radioactive decay law.

Therefore a model describing decay heat must consider decay heat to be a sum of exponential functions with different decay constants and initial contribution to the heat rate.

21.3 Radioactive Decay – Chemistry

The spontaneous change of an unstable nuclide into another is radioactive decay.

The radiation produced during radioactive decay is such that the daughter nuclide lies closer to the band of stability than the parent nuclide, so the location of a nuclide relative to the band of stability can serve as a guide to the kind of decay it will undergo.

The naturally occurring radioactive isotopes of the heaviest elements fall into chains of successive disintegrations, or decays, and all the species in one chain constitute a radioactive family, or radioactive decay series.

Each radioactive nuclide has a characteristic, constant half-life, the time required for half of the atoms in a sample to decay.

Decay rate = λN with = the decay constant for the particular radioisotope.

Where N0 is the initial number of nuclei or moles of the isotope, and Nt is the number of nuclei/moles remaining at time t. Example 1 applies these calculations to find the rates of radioactive decay for specific nuclides.

SolutionThe sample of rock contains very little Pb-208, the most common isotope of lead, so we can safely assume that all the Pb-206 in the rock was produced by the radioactive decay of U-238.

Athabasca Basin

The Athabasca Basin is a region in the Canadian Shield of northern Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada.

The basin is located just to the south of Lake Athabasca, west of Wollaston Lake, and encloses almost all of Cree Lake.

On the northern and eastern edges are the communities of Fort Chipewyan in Alberta and Camsell Portage, Stony Rapids, Fond du Lac, Black Lake and Wollaston Lake in Saskatchewan.

Much of the Athabasca Basin is within the migratory range of the Beverly caribou herd a major source of sustenance for the Denesuline communities.

Within the basin are the Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park on the south shore of Lake Athabasca and the Carswell crater.

Other uranium mines in the Athabasca Basin include the Cigar Lake Mine, the Cluff Lake mine, the Key Lake mine and the McClean Lake mine.

Dikes in the Athabasca Basin are related to the giant Mackenzie dike swarm.

Purepoint Uranium Group Inc.

Anyone who follows the uranium market is familiar with Canada’s legendary Athabasca Basin – host to the world’s richest uranium deposits with U3O8 grades reaching 10 times that seen around the rest of the world.

Those six deposits account for almost 70% of the region’s contained uranium.

The primary differentiator between uranium projects located in the Basin is the ore grade.

Typically, around the rest of the world, uranium is mined at an average grade of approximately 0.5% U3O8.

In comparison, the average grade of the Basin’s deposits is 5%. What may be surprising to some is that only three deposits carry ore grades exceeding 5% – Cigar Lake 15.02%, Phoenix 18.48% and McArthur River 22.28%. Half of the total contained metal comes from deposits with grades of between 1-5%. Deposit Status.

The only Basin mine currently in operation is Cigar Lake two others producing mines are currently on maintenance until uranium prices improve.

For approximately one third of the Basins uranium reserves, there is still an outstanding question as to whether they can be feasibly mined.

Athabasca Basin Development

Athabasca Basin Development is an investment company committed to building and investing in successful businesses.

Since being established in 2002, the company has grown to include complete or partial ownership in companies providing a wide range of services, with investments in established companies providing industrial security, skilled workforce supply, construction, electrical, security, drilling, aviation and more.

With a strong focus on wealth creation and reinvestment, an experienced management team, and a strong balance sheet, the company is well positioned to continue to acquire, build and grow successful businesses.

Athabasca Basin

As the world transitions to a low-carbon economy and the demand for clean baseload electricity increases, nuclear energy must play a significant role.

The urgency to reduce carbon emissions has multiple governments planning to build new nuclear power plants, ensuring plenty of future demand for uranium.

Key developed markets, including the United States, have seen a paradigm shift in nuclear energy policy with a renaissance underway to compete on the global stage with next generation reactor buildouts in sensitive jurisdictions in the Middle East and Asia.

China is the fastest growing market for nuclear power.

The clean energy revolution, following a decade of extreme underinvestment in the uranium sector, has helped ignite a new bull market in uranium.

Sassy Resources is well positioned to benefit from the current nuclear energy push with its focus on new discoveries in Saskatchewan’s prolific Athabasca Basin.

“The drill-ready Highrock Project is a potential high impact exploration play that gives Sassy shareholders exposure to a dynamic sector benefiting from the global energy transition driving significant new investment in nuclear demand” – Mark Scott, Sassy President and CEO. Saskatchewan is home to the world’s highest-grade uranium mines.

Athabasca Basin Uranium Companies

Uranium market watchers know that Canada’s Athabasca Basin is among the world’s richest uranium jurisdictions and hosts several of the highest-grade uranium deposits on the planet.

Spanning close to 100,000 square kilometers of the Canadian Shield of Northern Saskatchewan and Alberta, the Athabasca Basin is a major contributor to Canada’s status as the second largest uranium producer and the third largest in uranium reserves.

Uranium was first discovered in the Athabasca Basin in 1934, and today the region remains a major hot spot for uranium exploration.

Project generator CanAlaska Uranium has identified several uranium exploration targets in the Athabasca Basin.

Fission 3.0 is a project generator developing a large portfolio of properties, including 14 highly prospective uranium projects across four key regions in the Athabasca Basin: the PLS area, the Northeast Athabasca Basin, Beaverlodge and Key Lake.

Standard Uranium’s Davidson River exploration project lies in the southwestern region of the Athabasca Basin and is highly prospective for basement-hosted uranium deposits.

Trench Metals has the right to acquire a 100 percent interest in the Gorilla Lake uranium project, which covers nearly 7,000 hectares in the Northern Athabasca Basin.

Athabasca Basin SecurityAthabasca Basin Security

Since 2002, Athabasca Basin Security has provided the Canadian mining industry’s top companies with a full range of industrial security services in some of the country’s most remote areas.

As an Aboriginal owned, award-winning security company, we’re proud to create economic development for our shareholders and employment opportunities for people in Saskatchewan’s Athabasca Basin region and beyond.

Canada’S Athabasca Basin, The World’S Richest Uranium Play

With that in mind let’s have a look at arguably the world’s richest uranium jurisdiction – Canada’s Athabasca Basin which hosts several of the highest-grade uranium deposits on the planet.

Located primarily in the mining friendly jurisdiction of Saskatchewan, the Athabasca Basin covers an area of almost 100,000 square kilometers and hosts the world’s largest producing uranium mine, Cigar Lake.

Although Canada could leapfrog Australia in production if Cameco’s 70% owned McArthur River mine was restarted, given it used to hold the title of world’s largest uranium mine with U3O8 grades over 16%. The map below shows that the Athabasca Basin is a pretty popular place, not just for the major uranium players like Cameco and Denison Mines Corp. but also for a whole host of junior and intermediate players, all seeking to be the next successful explorer that potentially gets bought out like many before them.

JCU’s portfolio of projects includes interests in some of Canada’s key future uranium development projects, notably a 30.1% interest in Cameco’s Millennium Uranium Development Project, a 10% interest in Denison Mines Wheeler River Project, and a 33.8% interest in Orano Canada’s Kiggavik Project, located in the Thelon Basin in Nunavut.

Looking at what else Azincourt’s JV partner Skyharbour Resources Ltd. has on the go, we find it holds an extensive portfolio of uranium exploration projects in the Athabasca Basin with six drill-ready projects covering over 250,000 hectares of land.

Skyharbour acquired from Denison Mines, a large strategic shareholder of the Company, a 100% interest in the Moore Uranium Project which is located 15 kilometres east of Denison’s Wheeler River project and 39 kilometres south of Cameco’s McArthur River uranium mine.

You have a top tier mining jurisdiction, rule of law, best practices for environmental protection and most importantly the richest uranium grades in the world.

Meaning, Components & Features

The most important role of electronic business is “Electronic value creation” – the generation of electronic added value.

Structuring value: an online offer achieves an overview of a large quantity of information.

Selection value: an online offer provides specific database information upon request.

Transaction value: an online offer makes a business more efficient.

Communication value: an online offer improves communication between different consumers.

Depending on which type of value a company decides to pursue, they can choose one or more value activities – for example the collection, structuring, pre-selection, summary, or distribution of information.

A so-called “Digital information product” can also be created, offering added values which the customer is prepared to pay for.

Meaning, Types, Components, Model And Features

What is electronic business model and its components? In fact, it is a way that describes how a company functions to provide the services or products and how it generates profits.

All components of a business model work together for successful business operations.

What is e-business concept and how is it essential for a successful business? It describes the basic information of the business including goals, vision, products and offers from which it will earn revenue.

Whether the company is prepared to achieve their goals and objectives addressed in the implementation plan for running a business and in the business plan process for startup companies.

Corporate strategies are also embedded in the e-business concept and describe how the business concept will be implemented and can be modified in order to enhance business performance.

The operational business model is used to identify the costs/expenses and outputs of each activity.

Different business processes or “Method of doing business” might be patented, so that the business model may unintentionally include the intellectual property and patents will be freely awarded for business processes.

Electronic Business

Electronic business is any kind of business or commercial transaction that includes sharing information across the internet.

Electronic commerce focuses on the use of information and communication technology to enable the external activities and relationships of the business with individuals, groups, and other businesses, while e-business refers to business with help of the internet.

Electronic business differs from electronic commerce as it does not only deal with online transactions of selling and buying of a product and/or service but also enables to conduct of business processes within the value chain through internal or external networks.

Electronic business can take place between a very large number of market participants; it can be between business and consumer, private individuals, public administrations, or any other organizations such as NGOs.

One of the founding pillars of electronic business was the development of the Electronic Data Interchange electronic data interchange.

Cheaper than Traditional Business: Electronic business is less costly than a traditional business, but it is more expensive to set up.

Delivery Time: Traditional business enables instant satisfaction as you obtain the product the moment you purchase it, while in electronic business that is not possible.

What Is Electronic Business?

Electronic business refers to the use of the Web, Internet, intranets, extranets or some combination thereof to conduct business.

E-business is similar to e-commerce, but it goes beyond the simple buying and selling of products and services online.

E-business includes a much wider range of businesses processes, such as supply chain management, electronic order processing and customer relationship management.

E-business processes can help companies to operate more effectively and efficiently.

Techopedia Explains Electronic Business Electronic business is a broader term that encompasses other common terms such as e-commerce and e-tailing.

As more of companies’ sales, marketing and other internal business processes are conducted digitally, electronic business processes such as customer relationship management, enterprise resource planning, and content management are becoming increasingly important.

This shift has also been facilitated by improved security measures for online transactions.

17 Examples Of Electronic Business

Electronic business is business activity over the internet.

Customer ServiceProviding customer service through digital channels such as messaging or video chat.

Digital AdvertisingReaching customers with a message in digital environments for a fee.

Electronic BillingSending electronic invoices and bills to customers over networks.

Electronic PaymentsPaying employees, vendors, suppliers, partners and others with electronic payments.

Electronic ProcurementProcuring goods and managing suppliers with digital tools.

Business Process OutsourcingOutsourcing entire business processes such as customer service or manufacturing.

What Is Electronic Business?

Electronic business refers to the buying and selling of goods and services performed electronically over the Internet.

Technological advances on the Internet have allowed electronic business, also known as e-business, to reach such a high level that very few companies can compete without some sort of attempt to conduct e-business themselves.

For consumers, electronic business has been a very valuable advance because it allows them a great deal of convenience.

Modern businesses often devote much of their marketing efforts to their websites and other online applications because practically every step of a business transaction can be done online.

Electronic business may lack in the trust gained from human interaction, but the convenience of the process is undeniable.

Consumers can also conduct electronic business among themselves via auction and classified websites, as one consumer offers up a product and another connects to make the purchase.

Such technology allows businesses to reach consumers wherever they are at any time, a benefit that is invaluable in the competitive business world.

Learn The Difference Between E-Business Vs. E-Commerce

Some people use the terms “e-business” and “e-commerce” interchangeably, but they aren’t synonymous.

To put it simply, e-commerce refers to buying and selling online, while e-business encompasses all business conducted online.

Inventory management is a business process, and when facilitated electronically, it becomes part of e-business.

A content management system that manages the workflow between a content developer, editor, manager, and publisher is another example of an e-business.

Online tools for human resources can be produced by an e-business.

Sometimes the difference between a standard business and an e-business is just a matter of how business is conducted.

In business-to-consumer e-commerce, a business sells goods and services to consumers through its website.

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PressReader

Digital newspaper distribution and technology company.

PressReader is a digital newspaper distribution and technology company with headquarters in Vancouver, Canada and offices in Dublin, Ireland and Manila, Philippines.

PressReader distributes digital versions of over 7,000 newspapers and magazines in more than 60 languages through its applications for iOS, Android, Windows, Mac and various e-readers as well as its website, and operates digital editions of newspapers and magazines for publishers, including The New York Times, The Washington Post and The Globe and Mail.

Founded in 1999 as NewspaperDirect, the company started as a service for printing physical copies of newspapers, aimed at travelers who wished to read their home newspaper while staying in a hotel abroad, and launched a digital product in 2003.

PressReader’s eponymous product is an all-you-can-eat newspaper and magazine subscription service, which costs $29.99 per month and grants access to all of the titles in the company’s library via PressReader apps and website.

As of May 2019, PressReader has 12 million monthly active users.

PressReader operates the digital editions of various newspapers and magazines on their websites and apps through a white-labeled platform called Branded Editions.

TIBCO Software

TIBCO Software Inc. is an American business intelligence software company founded in 1997 in Palo Alto, California.

In 2002, Verity, Inc., an American business portal infrastructure software provider, announced an expanded alliance with the company to integrate Verity K2 Developer technology with TIBCO ActivePortal 4.0.

In 2003, British mobile operator Vodafone and Indian mobile provider Reliance Communications began using the firm’s software, and Delta Air Lines used TIBCO software to organize its operation systems, including baggage handling, ticketing and check-in.

Xcel Energy launched its SmartGridCity program in 2009, which provided assistance to companies seeking to reduce carbon emissions, while using TIBCO software.

TIBCO BusinessEvents is complex event processing software used to identify patterns across a business by correlating large volumes of data with external events and applying rules to identify situations that require a response.

TIBCO Data Virtualization is data virtualization software that orchestrates access to multiple data sources.

TIBCO eFTL is the edge node communications system to provide websocket, nodejs, and mobile communication support for the components in the TIBCO Messaging Suite.

What Is TIBCO And Why We Need To Use It?

TIBCO Software Inc. is a global software company, which provides business integration software to integrate, manage, and monitor enterprise applications and information delivery.

We can say TIBCO is Middleware there are some presentation layer components exist within TIBCO. It is an Enterprise Application Integration which promotes Service Oriented Architecture.

The major portion of its implementation in JAVA. TIBCO is widely used because of its reliability, flexibility, and scalability.

TIBCO’s EAI software’s allows interacting with your applications, Data Bases, and mainframe by automatically routing and transforming information in an appropriate format to respective destinations.

BusinessWorks is a package which TIBCO provided where Tibco process are running.

EMS stands for TIBCO Enterprise Message Service is fully compliant Java Message Service implementation from TIBCO with some enterprise-class enhancements.

This tool is used to monitor the TIBCO applications, file system, EMS etc.

MicroStrategy Incorporated Price Target And Rating Are Reviewed By Analysts. – Stocks Register

MicroStrategy Incorporated price on Friday, March 04, fall -4.28% below its previous day’s close as a downside momentum from buyers pushed the stock’s value to $410.36.

A look at the stock’s price movement, the close in the last trading session was $428.70, moving within a range at $407.06 and $433.62.

The average rating for the stock is Overweight which could provide an opportunity for investors keen on increasing their holdings of the company’s stock.

Analysts have given the company’s stock an average 52-week price target of $638.33, forecast between a low of $425.00 and high of $950.00.

Looking at the price targets, the low is -3.57% off current price level while to achieve the yearly target high, price needs to move -131.5%. Nonetheless, investors will most likely welcome a -31.59% jump to $540.00 which is the analysts’ median price.

The stock is -5.64% off its price a year ago.

Current price change has pushed the stock -24.63% YTD, which shows the potential for further growth is there.

MicroStrategy World 2022. Part 2: New Features

In the last edition of the MicroStrategy Minute newsletter I wrote about my Key Takeaways from MicroStrategy World 2022.

Now I’m going to delve into the exciting features that are in the pipeline for the product in 2022.

Based on the product delivery cadence seen in 2021, I am confident that MicroStrategy will indeed deliver a substantial number of these features by year’s end.

These are some of the new product features and enhancements announced during MicroStrategy World 2022.MicroStrategy is planning to transition most of the critical legacy Developer tool functionality to WorkStation by the end of this year.

If you use Alerts in MicroStrategy Web, you’ll be glad to hear that alerting functionality is already in the works for the WorkStation tool Based on the demo… the new feature may be called “Watch Data” once delivered.

As you would expect, MicroStrategy will continue to add new Visualizations throughout 2022.

That was a recap of all the key features that I heard about at MicroStrategy World 2022.

Crypto Entices Skeptics In Its First War

New information suggests they are turning to bitcoin.

Skeptics often argue that bitcoin was created out of thin air.

The Tysons, VA.-based company now holds 125,051 bitcoins.

Michael Saylor, chief executive officer decided in 2020 that owning bitcoin would create more shareholder value than holding cash.

The average cost of bitcoin acquired by MicroStrategy is $30,160.

At a $44,011 the value of its bitcoin investment is now $5.5 billion.

Investors looking for a leverage bitcoin play should consider adding exposure into weakness.

Bitcoin Bull Michael Saylor Says Bitcoin Could Fight Cyberattacks Against Ukraine

During a televised interview Friday, MicroStrategy CEO Michael Saylor told CNBC Crypto World how the cryptocurrency Bitcoin could be a useful tool to prevent cyberattacks similar to those currently being launched against Ukraine.

Saylor is a diehard Bitcoin bull and has been for years.

MicroStrategy’s holdings are more than three times the number of Bitcoin held by the next closest corporate investor, Tesla, which reportedly has 38,300 Bitcoin on its balance sheet.

How Bitcoin could be an effective against cyberattack.

It’s Saylor’s expertise and belief in the Bitcoin technology that drives his compelling use case of Bitcoin as a weapon against cybercriminals, especially in light of a Wall Street Journal article on Friday that described hackers targeting the Ukrainian government, its contractors, and state-owned banks with distributed denial-of-service malware that took down websites.

To combat DDoS attacks, Saylor suggests requiring a very small amount of Bitcoin subunits called “Satoshis” be paid upfront by any user of a social media or online account.

As background, every Bitcoin is composed of 100 million “Satoshis,” so their value is very small, but they serve as a divisible unit of Bitcoin to facilitate transactions.

What Are Whales Doing With MicroStrategy

Looking at options history for MicroStrategy MSTR we detected 39 strange trades.

If we consider the specifics of each trade, it is accurate to state that 46% of the investors opened trades with bullish expectations and 53% with bearish.

Serious options traders manage this risk by educating themselves daily, scaling in and out of trades, following more than one indicator, and following the markets closely.

If you are blindly looking up and trading stocks the way 99% of traders are, you are missing on HUGE potential returns.

Even new traders who started following this option trading strategy instantly began seeing returns they wouldn’t have had otherwise.

With even two trades per month with this strategy, you will start seeing the difference in your trading account.

For a limited time only, we are gifting away our Benzinga Options Starter newsletter for a massive 40% OFF. This includes two heavily researched trades per month from lead trader, Nic Chahine.

MicroStrategy

MicroStrategy Incorporated is an American company that provides business intelligence, mobile software, and cloud-based services.

The company produced software for data mining and business intelligence using nonlinear mathematics, an idea inspired by a course on systems-dynamics theory that they took at MIT. In 1992, MicroStrategy gained its first major client when it signed a $10 million contract with McDonald’s.

In 2010, the company began developing and deploying business intelligence software for mobile platforms, such as the iPhone and iPad. In 2011, the company expanded its offerings to include a cloud-based service, MicroStrategy Cloud.

In June 2015, MicroStrategy announced the general availability of MicroStrategy 10.

In January 2019, MicroStrategy announced the general availability of MicroStrategy 2019.

MicroStrategy 2020, the company’s latest platform release of its business intelligence software, includes improvements to the vendor’s HyperIntelligence capabilities, an embedded analytics system using augmented intelligence and machine learning technology.

The earlier suite of software, MicroStrategy 10, consisted of MicroStrategy Analytics, MicroStrategy Mobile, and Usher.

MicroStrategy Tutorial

MicroStrategy is a Business Intelligence software, which offers a wide range of data analytics capabilities.

As a suite of applications, it offers Data Discovery, Advanced Analytics, Data Visualizations, Embedded BI, and Banded Reports and Statements.

It can connect to data warehouses, relational systems, flat files, web services and a host of other types of sources to pull data for analysis.

Features such as highly formatted reports, ad hoc query, thresholds and alerts, and automated report distribution makes MicroStrategy an industry leader in BI software space.

This tutorial is designed for all those readers who want to create, read, write, and modify Business Intelligence Reports and dashboards using MicroStrategy Desktop.

It will also be quite useful for those readers who look forward to become a Data Analyst or a Data Scientist.

Before proceeding with this tutorial, you should have a basic understanding of Computer Programming terminologies and Data analysis.

The Leader In Enterprise Data Protection

Veritas has helped guide enterprise customers through every disruptive technology shift of the past 30 years.

Our integrated approach to data management and protection is proven to deliver unmatched versatility, performance, and cost-savings.

Veritas Technologies

Veritas Technologies LLC. is an American international data management company headquartered in Santa Clara, California.

In 2014, Symantec announced that it would demerge its information management business as Veritas Technologies LLC, in order to focus on security.

Nonetheless the company was able to achieve revenue growth of 25% to $1.5 billion, and operating margins of 25%. Growth of 42X: Through this accelerated growth, Veritas went from a $36 million company to a $1.5 billion company, a growth multiple of 42X in five years.

The security business would remain with Symantec, and the information management business would be known as Veritas Technologies Corporation.

After the demerger from Symantec in 2016, Veritas rebranded itself as Veritas Technologies LLC. with a new logo.

On January 28, 2018, Veritas Technologies LLC. named Greg Hughes as its CEO. With a new brand and a new CEO, Veritas Technologies planned to move its employees to its new headquarters in Santa Clara by the end of summer 2018.

In 1999, VERITAS Software Corp. and VERITAS Ireland entered into a cost-sharing agreement which was the subject of litigation with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.

Veritas Tech

1.Have advanced digital control machines and auto assembling machine.

2.Have automatic flame cutting machine and electric welding machine.

3.Have advanced epoxy fusion coating production line.

“The only superpower you need to conquer the challenges of managing and protecting enterprise data in the cloud is Veritas,” concludes #ConquerEveryCloud host Simu Liu.

Veritas Cloud Scale Technology is a new generation of NetBackup architecture.

CEE22A strategic alliance for smarter data decisions-Watch ESGs technical validation of Veritas InfoScale and Hitachi Vantara Storage.

Details on how Veritas and Hitachi can help you ensure that applications remain highly available: vrt.

As/3HSNBHNA strategic alliance for smarter data decisions-Watch ‘s technical validation of Veritas InfoScale and Storage.

As/3rkeS0fGet to know Veritas Technical Recruiter Sabrina Clark, hear the most in-demand skills, and see the open roles she is hiring for at Veritas: vrt.

Join the NBU community to see how Veritas ensures your business is up and running with minimal impact from bad actors and #Malware: vrt.

What Is The Middle Class?

If you’re a middle-class family, you make more money than the working class but less money than the upper class.

Pew Research Center defines the middle class as adults whose annual household income is two-thirds to 200% of the national median.

The Brookings Institute defines the middle class as the middle 60% of households on the income distribution scale.

Once you graduate, your education could catapult you into the middle class or even upper class economically as you advance in your career.

If you’re classified as part of the lower-income class by U.S. standards, you could be ranked as middle class or upper class in another country.

If you’re in the middle class in another country, you could be considered a lower-income class in the U.S. In 2020, the U.S. median household income declined for the first time since 2011-from $69,560 to $67,521.

The negative impacts on the middle class stretched far beyond the U.S. The global middle class shrank by 54 million people in 2020, according to a Pew Research study.

Middle Class Definition

The middle class is a description given to individuals and households who typically fall between the working class and the upper class within a socio-economic hierarchy.

In Western cultures, persons in the middle class tend to have a higher proportion of college degrees than those in the working class, have more income available for consumption, and may own property.

The word “Middle” may be misleading in that it suggests that those in the middle class have earnings within the middle of the population’s income distribution, which may not be the case.

Karl Marx referred to the middle class as part of the bourgeoisie when he described the way in which capitalism operates – in opposition to the working class, which he termed the “Proletariat”.

The combination of incentives and salary increases helped elevate working class citizens into the newly forming middle class.

Regional disparities in income and the cost of living mean that salary-based measures of the middle class can vary greatly.

Different income barometers describe the middle class as having income from $50,000 to $150,000 or, in some instances, $42,000 to $125,000.

Middle Class

The middle class is a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy.

In modern American vernacular, the term middle class is most often used as a self-description by those persons whom academics and Marxists would otherwise identify as the working class, which are below both the upper class and the true middle class, but above those in poverty.

Sociologists such as Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl see this American self-described middle class as the most populous class in the United States.

“Pioneer 20th century American Marxist theoretician Louis C. Fraina defined the middle class as”the class of independent small enterprisers, owners of productive property from which a livelihood is derived”.

Most of the emerging middle class consists of people who are middle class by the standards of the developing world but not the developed one, since their money incomes do not match developed country levels, but the percentage of it which is discretionary does.

Based on the World Bank definition of middle class as those having with daily spending between $10 to $50 per day, nearly 40% of the Chinese population were considered middle class as of 2017.

The World Inequality Report in 2018 further concluded that elites are accumulating wealth at a greater rate than the middle class, that rather than growing, India’s middle class may be shrinking in size.

3 Reasons Middle Class Russians Are Seeing Their Finances Crumble Right Now

While superyachts owned by Russian billionaires hightail it to the Maldives to escape possible seizure, middle class Russians are watching their life savings vanish in just a few days.

It’s the Russian middle class – not Putin or his oligarchs – who will feel the most pain.

While wealthier Russians are insulated from the worst effects of sanctions, and poorer Russians have little recourse to change their situation, it’s the middle class that will feel the burn over the coming months as their economy hurtles toward a likely recession.

Russians have a lot of debt, and not a lot of savings, Yevgeny Nadorshin, the chief economist at Moscow-based PF Capital, told Insider.

Because of inflation, the ruble won’t go as far for Russians.

He also pointed out that while wealthier Russians tend to shield their assets using complicated schemes, middle class Russians typically have on-the-books savings such as stocks and domestic bank accounts.

Only in recent years has the stock market provided an avenue for wealthy and middle-class Russians to save, with the number of retail investors hitting 15 million in October 2021 – an addition of 6.2 million new retail investors in 2021 alone, according to S&P Global.

Overall Connecticut Tax System Hits Poor, Middle Class Harder, Study Shows

Overall Connecticut tax system hits poor, middle class harder, study shows – Hartford Courant Connecticut’s state and municipal tax systems hammer the poor and middle class, likely more heavily than they did a decade ago, according to a new study released Monday by the Department of Revenue Services.

While the latest tax fairness analysis – just the second in Connecticut history – shows working families facing even higher effective tax rates, the damage could be understated.

Tax incidence is an estimate of the total tax burden placed on residents.

“Our tax structure is completely upside down,” said Puya Gerami, director of Recovery for All, a coalition of labor, faith and other community-based groups advocating for tax reform.

A Greenwich businessman, the governor has also said he believes that raising state taxes on the wealthy to finance tax relief for low- and middle-income families would prompt the rich to flee Connecticut.

Connecticut Voices for Children, a New Haven-based policy group pushing for progressive tax reform, expressed disappointment that more tax data wasn’t included in the report.

Even though Boughton’s agency opted not to analyze certain taxes that typically place burdens on Connecticut households, Byrne said the report still shows a clear trend, “Which is that the state’s regressive tax system hurts working- and middle-class families the most, and things have gotten worse.”

Study: Overall CT Tax System Hits Poor, Middle Class Harder

Connecticut’s state and municipal tax systems hammer the poor and middle class, likely more heavily than they did a decade ago, according to a new study released Monday by the Department of Revenue Services.

While the latest tax fairness analysis – just the second in Connecticut history – shows working families facing even higher effective tax rates, the damage could be understated.

Tax incidence is an estimate of the total tax burden placed on residents.

“Our tax structure is completely upside down,” said Puya Gerami, director of Recovery for All, a coalition of labor, faith and other community-based groups advocating for tax reform.

“I think the report confirms what we’ve always known and speaks to … why we need tax reform in this state,” said Rep. Sean Scanlon, D-Guilford, who is co-chairman of the Finance Committee and spearheading a push for a new $600-per-child credit within the state income tax.

Connecticut Voices for Children, a New Haven-based policy group pushing for progressive tax reform, expressed disappointment that more tax data wasn’t included in the report.

Even though Boughton’s agency opted not to analyze certain taxes that typically place burdens on Connecticut households, Byrne said the report still shows a clear trend, “Which is that the state’s regressive tax system hurts working- and middle-class families the most, and things have gotten worse.”

Are You In The U.S. Middle Class? Try Our Income Calculator

In our analysis, “Middle-income” Americans are adults whose annual household income is two-thirds to double the national median, after incomes have been adjusted for household size.

Households in less expensive areas or with less than three people need less than $48,500 to be considered middle income.

The calculator takes your household income and adjusts it for the size of your household.

This way, each household’s income is made equivalent to the income of a three-person household.

Your size-adjusted household income and the cost of living in your area are the factors we use to determine your income tier.

Middle-income households – those with an income that is two-thirds to double the U.S. median household income – had incomes ranging from about $48,500 to $145,500 in 2018.

A household in the San Francisco area needs a reported income of about $63,800, or 31.6% more than the U.S. norm, to join the middle class.